Out and stored on paper (with a notation of the date accessed) as a permanent record. Note: Since many online sources are highly subject to change or deletion, any online text likely to beĬited including personal e-mail messages should always be either downloaded onto a disk or printed "The Fate of Universities." 13 June 1997. An archived message is cited in its originalįorm unless the message was accessed through a Web server rather than the list server or newsgroup. Mailing list's server and may also be available through a Web page. Many mailing-list discussions are archived after messages are posted. A personal e-mail message can be called "Personal communication" with no mention of its electronic medium. References to mailing lists or newsgroup postings should begin with the author's name, include the subject line (orĪ made-up descriptive subject line), and provide the name and electronic address of the mailing-list server or newsgroupĪnd the date posted. Periodicals published on paper that happen to be accessed online may be cited just like normal periodicals, with noĪcknowledgment of their online status, if it is clear that the text has not been altered for the online version. "Resources for Learning French." (12 Aug. Note that the date of access will oftenīe the only date shown, since many online documents do not include dates. The largest and most trusted free online dictionary for learners of British and American English with definitions, pictures, example sentences, synonyms, antonyms, word origins, audio pronunciation, and more. In many cases it is necessary or desirable to include the date of access as well. 81a and the Psychology of Loss." Music Theory Online 2, 4 (1996).ĭavies, Al. Here are a five sample citations of online sources:Īgmon, Eytan. Of the protocol used (such as http for Web pages other less common protocols include gopher,įtp, and telnet), the server's identification, the directory path, and the file's name. Of the complete work (such as the name of a periodical) in italics, the date, and the full URL. Thus a typical citation of an online source would show the author's name, the title of the document, the title Indicate the document's Web address, or URL (uniform resource locator), somewhere in the citation, usuallyįollowing the date on which the electronic document was published, posted, or last revised (if known). There is no universally accepted standard for citing online sources, but it is generally adequate to Here are three ways you might cite the entry for hacker in the Merriam-Webster Onlineĭictionary, if you accessed it on May 8, 2011. ![]() date you accessed the dictionary (in parentheses).full URL of the site (up to and including the file name).date the dictionary or thesaurus was published, posted, or revised (Use the copyright date noted at the bottom of this and every page of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.).headword of the entry cited (in quotes).Citing the Dictionary and Other Online SourcesĪ citation of any online dictionary or thesaurus should include the following information:
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